OP is asking if the intensity of the smell or taste can inherently destroy your sense of it.

You could activate every single taste bud on the tongue or every single olfactory neuron in your nose to max feels and suffer no lasting damage. Your taste buds and smell neurons get replaced regularly. Your eyes and ear hairs don’t. You don’t need to drink bleach to know how it tastes. You can make a safe equivalent made with non-dangerous chemicals that activate all the same spots. You can’t do the same for light or sound.

People here keep listing diseases and chemicals when OP is asking about taste and smell.

Unless you’re drinking bleach, food will never destroy your sense of taste. It’s the same with smell. There are chemicals that are really smelly and can destroy your nose, but smell ≠ nose destruction.